SECTION ONE

Activity 1

Preserving protection in a world on the move, by António Guterres, Dadaab refugee camp, Kenya (20 June 2008)

DADAAB REFUGEE CAMP, Kenya – After a half-decade decline in overall refugee numbers, global forced displacement is again on the rise.
For the second straight year, the numbers of refugees and conflict-generated internally displaced people grew to a total of 37.4 million in 2007 – some 11.4 million refugees outside their homelands and 26 million people forcibly displaced within their own countries. And there are ominous signs that we are likely to see even more people forced to flee in the future.
The warning signs are evident here on the Kenya-Somalia border, where nearly 200,000 Somalis have sought refuge in the sprawling Dadaab Refugee Camp complex after fleeing the seemingly endless civil strife in their shattered homeland. And they continue to come – 20,000 since January alone. Others have risked their lives to reach Ethiopia, Djibouti, Yemen and beyond, many saying they see no future at home. In the last three months alone, violence in Mogadishu has forced 50,000 more Somalis to flee, bringing the total who have fled the devastated capital since February 2007 to a staggering 850,000. Inside Somalia, more than 1 million people are now internally displaced, often beyond the reach of aid agencies.
Unfortunately, Somalia is but one of several epicenters of human displacement, which in today's world – with population flows propelled by a multiplicity of inter-related factors – is a far more complex phenomenon than it was in 1951 when UNHCR was founded. Today, many of the barriers to human mobility have fallen and new patterns of movement have emerged, including forms of forced displacement that were not envisaged by the 1951 UN Refugee Convention.
Conflict today may be motivated by politics, but at a deeper level, it can also be about economic mismanagement, bad governance and a host of other factors, including climate-induced environmental degradation leading to competition for water and other resources. The current downturn in the world economy and structural changes in global markets are having a huge impact on rising food and fuel prices. These in turn have an immediate and dramatic effect on the poor, including refugees and the displaced. Extreme price increases are generating instability and conflict in many places, with the potential of triggering more displacement. Extreme poverty is itself a trigger of conflict.
Neat classifications of who is a refugee deserving protection and who is not are becoming increasingly blurred. This makes it all the more urgent that the international community finds ways to address the increasingly complex root causes of displacement in a coordinated and comprehensive manner. The best solution is prevention. We need to better understand the triggers of displacement, including the nature of failed and failing states such as Somalia that are unable or unwilling to provide citizens with physical, material or legal security.
Policy frameworks must be found to ensure that the international community deploys all the tools at its disposal – aid, trade, diplomacy, security and relief – to help guide countries from failure toward sustainable stability. This could go a long way toward ensuring that people would not have to flee in the first place, or at least that refugees could soon go home to begin rebuilding when circumstances permit.
Meanwhile, ensuring access to an effective asylum process and the fair treatment of asylum seekers and refugees remain crucial. But it is becoming increasingly difficult in many countries, including those whose efforts to control illegal migration are failing to make a proper distinction between people who choose to move and those who are forced to flee. All too often, refugees seeking safety are being turned away at borders in direct contravention of the 1951 Refugee Convention. While governments have a right to control their borders, such controls should be sensitive to protection concerns and the rights of refugees.
Refugees show incredible courage and perseverance in overcoming enormous odds to rebuild their lives. Ensuring that they get the protection they deserve helps all of us because refugee rights are human rights – rights that belong to everyone.
António Guterres is the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees

Questions
What type of information is presented in this speech?
What types of migration is Mr Guterres talking about in this speech?
Does he offer a solution to global forced displacement?

SECTION TWO

Activity 2
Imagine that you and your classmates are UNHCR Protection Officers. The following individuals appear in front of you asking for protection. You will have to decide whether or not they will be granted asylum and allowed to stay in your country, or if they are sent back to their country of origin. When considering each case, you may want to take into account documents such as the 1951 Convention and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

1) Mr. H
Mr. H, a farmer with no political opinions, belonged to an ethnic minority in Stuytland. Many members of this ethnic group wanted their own independent state. In support of their ideas, certain members of the minority engaged in guerrilla activities. Due to his ethnic origin, Mr. H was threatened by some of his neighbours belonging to the ethnic majority. The local police simply turned a blind eye to these incidents. In addition, Mr. H received threats from extremist members of his own ethnic group who blamed him for not taking their side. Eventually, Mr. H obtained a passport and left his country of origin. He is now requesting asylum in your country.

2) Ms. Q
For the past two years, Zania has been ruled by a military regime. The country’s parliament has been dismissed and all laws are made by decree. As part of an ambitious plan to employ all able-bodied working men, the government orders all women to leave their jobs and remain in their homes. Women who disobey this decree will be severely punished. Ms. Q, a doctor, had to abandon her profession. Thanks to a missionary, Ms. Q. obtained a false passport and escaped the country. She is now requesting asylum in your country.

3) Mr. C
Mr. C, a soldier in Stuytland, executed twenty prisoners of war. He claims that he was following his superior officer’s orders. He did so fearing that he might be punished if he had not complied with the order. A common punishment in this case would be demotion and even detention. He is now wracked by remorse. Mr. C expects to receive a very long prison term if he returns to Stuytland. He left Stuytland without permission and is now seeking asylum in your country.

4) Mr. R
As a member of a group opposed to the governing regime of his country, Mr. R secretly distributed pamphlets in the factors where he worked. The pamphlets called for an uprising of the people against the regime. He was discovered, arrested and sentenced to five years’ imprisonment. In prison, government agents repeatedly tortured him. After two years, he managed to escape, however, during his escape he wounded one of the prison guards. As a result, the guard was left permanently paralysed. After a long and complicated journey, Mr. R managed to leave his country and request asylum in your country.